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A torque converter is actually a fluid coupling which is utilized in order to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, which is an internal combustion engine or as electrical motor, to a rotating driven load. The torque converter is similar to a basic fluid coupling to take the place of a mechanized clutch. This enables the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter can offer the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque if there is a considerable difference between output and input rotational speed.
The fluid coupling type is actually the most common kind of torque converter used in auto transmissions. In the 1920's there were pendulum-based torque or Constantinesco converter. There are different mechanical designs for constantly changeable transmissions which have the ability to multiply torque. Like for example, the Variomatic is one type which has expanding pulleys and a belt drive.
A fluid coupling is a 2 element drive which is incapable of multiplying torque. A torque converter has an extra component that is the stator. This alters the drive's characteristics throughout times of high slippage and produces an increase in torque output.
There are a at least three rotating parts in a torque converter: the turbine, that drives the load, the impeller, which is mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator, which is between the impeller and the turbine so that it could change oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Usually, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be prevented from rotating under whatever situation and this is where the word stator originates from. In fact, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This particular design prevents the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still allowing forward rotation.
In the three element design there have been adjustments which have been integrated at times. Where there is higher than normal torque manipulation is considered necessary, changes to the modifications have proven to be worthy. More often than not, these modifications have taken the form of various turbines and stators. Each set has been intended to generate differing amounts of torque multiplication. Some examples include the Dynaflow which makes use of a five element converter in order to produce the wide range of torque multiplication required to propel a heavy vehicle.
Various auto converters include a lock-up clutch so as to reduce heat and to improve the cruising power and transmission effectiveness, even though it is not strictly part of the torque converter design. The application of the clutch locks the turbine to the impeller. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical which eliminates losses associated with fluid drive.
